THE ZSMC BATTERY ARCHITECTURE / Architecture
The architecture consists of a scaffolded anode, a dual-active cathode, and a buffered gel electrolyte tuned for the electrode pair.
Zinc is the primary electroactive material. SnO2 is included as a current-distribution modifier and nucleation scaffold intended to reduce localized zinc growth.
Primary role: capacity contribution from zinc.
Stability role: surface-energy and current-density homogenization.
Design concern: passivation and hydrogen evolution under aqueous conditions.
MnO2 provides the primary plateau. CuO is modeled as a secondary redox-active phase that can reduce resistance and contribute a secondary plateau near lower cell voltage.
Primary role: MnO2 capacity delivery.
Secondary role: CuO plateau and cathode profile smoothing.
Design concern: CuO accessibility decreases at higher C-rates.
The electrolyte is treated as part of the architecture, not a commodity fluid. The formulation targets ion mobility, buffering, mechanical stability, and low-temperature support.
Target pH range: mildly acidic and buffered.
Stability role: gel matrix and glycerol support.
Design concern: dehydration, cracking, and resistance growth.
Interactive schematic
Use the controls to focus on the anode, electrolyte, cathode, or the full system view. The visual favors clarity over spectacle.